The North Atlantic Oscillations: Lead–Lag Relations for the NAO, the AMO, and the AMOC—A High-Resolution Lead–lag Analysis

Several studies examine cycle periods and the interactions between three major climate modes over North Atlantic, namely Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (AMOC), multidecadal oscillation (AMO), (NAO). Here, we use a relatively novel high-resolution Lead–lag (LL) method to identify short time windows with persistent LL relations in series during period from 1947 2020. We find that there are roughly 20-year where change direction at both interannual, high-frequency multidecadal, low-frequency timescales. However, varying strength, AMO leads AMOC for full interannual timescale. During 1980 2000, had sequence NAO→AMO→AMOC→NAO For decadal scale, obtain NAO→AMO→AMOC. The Ekman variability closely follows NAO variability. Both single relation pairs of show pseudo-oscillating patterns about 20 years. list possible mechanisms contribute cyclic behavior, but no conclusive evidence has yet been found.